Keratosis
What You Should Know About This Common Precancer
You have surely seen an actinic keratosis. The name may be unfamiliar, but the appearance is commonplace. Anyone who spends time in the sun runs a high risk of developing one or more.
What is it?
An actinic keratosis (AK), also known as a solar keratosis, is a pink or red scaly bump, or plaque (larger bump) that arises on the skin surface. This is considered a precancerous spot and if not treated, the estimates vary between 2- 25% of cases can turn into a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). An even more common non-melanoma skin cancer basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is often found with actinic keratosis, and treated with the same treatments listed below. AK's can be red, pink, tan or skin colored and can be raised or flat.
AK's can come and go and sometimes start out flat and red then turn scaly with a crust. They can itch, tingle, or be slightly tender. They can also become inflamed and surrounded by redness. In rare instances, actinic keratoses can bleed. They are often diagnosed by feel rather than visual.
An AK is most likely to appear on the parts of the body most often exposed to sunshine (face, lips, ears, scalp, neck, backs of the hands, forearms, shoulders and back).
Why is it dangerous?
AK can be the first step in the development of skin cancer. It is thus a precursor of cancer or a precancer.
If treated early, almost all AKs can be eliminated without becoming skin cancers. But untreated, about two to five percent may progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the second most common form of skin cancer. In fact, some scientists now believe that AK is the earliest form of SCC. Although SCCs are usually not life-threatening when detected and treated in the early stages, they can grow large and invade the surrounding tissues. On rare occasions, they metastasize or spread to the internal organs.
Another form of AK, actinic cheilitis, develops on the lips and may evolve into a type of SCC that can spread rapidly to other parts of the body.
If you have AKs, it indicates that you have sustained sun damage and could develop any kind of skin cancer not just squamous cell carcinoma. The more keratoses that you have, the greater the chance that one or more may turn into skin cancer. People may also have up to 10 times as many subclinical (invisible) lesions as visible, surface lesions.
Actinic Keratosis is skin cancer's warning signal. Heed that signal.
What does it look like?
Common forms of AK are shown here in the sites where they most often develop. Examine your skin regularly for any lesions that look like them. If you ever spot these or
What is the cause?
Chronic sun exposure is the cause of almost all AKs. Sun damage to the skin accumulates over time, so that even a brief exposure adds to the lifetime total. The likelihood of developing AK is highest in regions near the equator. However, regardless of climate, everyone is exposed to the sun. About 80 percent of solar ultraviolet (UV) rays can pass through clouds. These rays can also bounce off sand, snow, and other reflective surfaces, giving you extra exposure.
AKs can appear on skin that has been frequently exposed to artificial sources of UV light (such as tanning devices). More rarely, they may be caused by extensive exposure to X-rays or specific industrial chemicals.
Who is at greatest risk?
Chronic sun exposure is the cause of almost all AKs. Sun damage to the skin accumulates over time, so that even a brief exposure adds to the lifetime total. This includes tanning bed exposure. People at highest risk are light skin types, light eye colors (blue, gray and green), and light hair color (red and blond). Also people that have grown up with significant unprotected sun exposure in areas such as Southern California, the desert, the midwest, Texas and Florida.
The likelihood of developing AK's is highest in regions near the equator but even in Seattle it is a risk for people that tan, are at altitude skiing and climbing, and live by the water. Clouds only block about 20% of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Altitude increases exposure by 6-10% for every 1,000 feet increase in altitude. Individuals whose immune systems are weakened as a result of cancer chemotherapy, AIDS, or organ transplantation are also at higher risk.
Is it dangerous?
If treated early, almost all AKs can be eliminated without becoming skin cancers. AK's are considered the earliest form of skin cancers. Although the two skin cancers that can arise from actinic keratoses are rarely fatal, untreated SCC can grow large and invade surrounding tissues. On rare occasions they metastasize (spread) to the internal organs. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) can invade surrounding tissue and be disfiguring if untreated. Another form of AK, actinic cheilitis, develops on the lips and may evolve into a type of SCC that can spread rapidly to other parts of the body.
People with visible or palpable (by touch) AK's can have ten times as many subclinical (non-visible) AK's.
Actinic Keratosis is skin cancer's warning signal. Heed that signal.
How common is it?
Sun exposure increases with the years. Some experts believe that the majority of people who live to the age of 80 will have AKs.
However, a considerable amount of our lifetime sun exposure occurs before age 20. Thus, AKs also appear in people in their early twenties who have spent too much time in the sun with little or no protection.
How is it treated?
There are many effective methods for eliminating AKs. All cause a certain amount of reddening, and some may cause scarring, while other approaches are less likely to do so. You and your doctor should decide together the best course of treatment, based on the nature of the lesion and your age and health.
Cryosurgery:
The most common treatment for AK, it is especially effective when a limited number of lesions exist. Liquid nitrogen is applied to the growths with a spray device or cotton-tipped applicator to freeze them. They subsequently shrink or become crusted and fall off, without requiring any cutting or anesthesia. Some temporary redness and swelling may occur after treatment, and in dark-skinned patients, some pigment may be lost.
Curettage and Desiccation:
This is a valuable procedure for lesions suspected to be early cancers. To test for malignancy, the provider takes a biopsy specimen, either by shaving off the top of the lesion with a scalpel or scraping it off with a curette. Then the curette is used to remove the base of the lesion. Bleeding is stopped with an electrocautery needle, and local anesthesia is required.
Topical Medications:
Prescription creams and solutions are especially useful in removing both visible and invisible AKs when the lesions are numerous. The patient applies the medication according to a schedule worked out by the provider. The provider will also regularly check progress. After treatment, some discomfort may result from skin breakdown, but the risk of scarring is minimal.
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) cream or solution (brand name Carac, Effudex), in concentrations from 0.5 to 5 percent, has been used for years as a topical treatment for AK. Some redness, swelling, and crusting may occur.
Another preparation, imiquimod (brand name Aldara or Zyclara) cream, is used for multiple keratoses. It causes an increase in local skin interferon which mobilizes your bodies immune system to destroy the AK's and cancerous cells. It is often used in conjunction with freezing, curettage or surgery.
An alternative treatment, a gel combining, hyaluronic acid and the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (brand name Solaraze), also may prove effective.
Chemical Peeling:
This method makes use of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or a similar agent applied directly to the skin. The top skin layers slough off, usually replaced within seven days by new epidermis (the skinís outermost layer). This technique requires local anesthesia and can cause temporary discoloration and irritation.
Laser Surgery:
A carbon dioxide or erbium YAG laser is focused onto the lesion, removing epidermis and different amounts of deeper skin. This finely controlled treatment is an option for lesions in small or narrow areas; it can be effective for keratoses on the face and scalp, as well as actinic cheilitis on the lips. Laser surgery is useful for people with bleeding disorders and is also used as a secondary therapy when other techniques are unsuccessful. However, local and sometimes general anesthesia is usually necessary, and some scarring and pigment loss can occur.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT):
PDT may be used to treat lesions anywhere on the body. Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (brand name Levulen) is applied to the lesions in the clinic. Within the next 24 hours, the medicated areas are exposed to strong light, which activates the 5-ALA. The treatment selectively destroys actinic keratoses, BCC's and SCC's causing little damage to surrounding normal skin, although some swelling and redness often occur, as well as peeling.